Kidneys and Urinary Tract: Functions, Diseases, and Prevention

Overview

The human body has two kidneys, each about the size of a fist, located near the middle of the back just below the rib cage.
Their main job is to filter the blood, remove toxins and extra water, and turn them into urine.
The urine travels through the ureters to the bladder, where it’s stored until you urinate.

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Types of Kidney Diseases

1. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):
A long-term condition where the kidneys slowly lose their function over several years.

2. Acute Kidney Failure:
A sudden loss of kidney function that causes toxins to build up quickly in the blood, making the person feel very sick within hours or days.

3. Other Kidney Problems:
Include infections, kidney stones, and cancer.

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Causes

• Genetic factors

• Diabetes

• High blood pressure

• Immune-related kidney inflammation

• Polycystic kidney disease

• Long-term use of harmful medications

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Risk Factors

• Diabetes or hypertension

• Old age

• Smoking

• Obesity

• Family history of kidney disease

• Liver or heart disease

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Common Symptoms

Kidney disease often shows no signs until it becomes advanced.
Typical symptoms include:

• Constant tiredness (due to anemia)

• Shortness of breath even after mild effort

• Swelling in hands, feet, or face (fluid retention)

• Metallic taste in the mouth and bad breath

• Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite

• Foamy urine (protein in urine)

• Dark or bloody urine

• Lower back pain

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When to See a Doctor

If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney problems, visit your doctor regularly.
Your doctor may check your blood pressure, urine tests, and kidney function to detect any early signs of kidney disease.

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Treatment

• Adopting a healthy lifestyle

• Taking prescribed medicines for related conditions (like diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol)

• In advanced stages, treatment may include dialysis or kidney transplantation

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Prevention Tips

• Avoid taking medications without a doctor’s advice

• Control chronic diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure

• Stay active and maintain a healthy weight

• Quit smoking

• Drink enough water — about 2 to 3 liters per day, depending on your body’s needs

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Medical Disclaimer

This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Never ignore medical advice or delay seeking care because of information you have read in this article. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any medication or treatment plan.